scaling

• District Energy Solar Thermal System, St. Paul (2012)-

  This case study focuses on the district energy solar thermal heating system installed on the Saint Paul River Centre in St. Paul, Minnesota. At the time of the installation in 2011, this was the largest known solar thermal hot water heating installation in the United States.

• Advancement of Distributed Solar Thermal Technologies in the U.S. (2009)-

  This presentation was created by Professor Jane Davidson of the Mechanical Engineering department at the University of Minnesota. It focuses on where potential growth in the solar thermal market could be in the US and what new technologies could help advance solar thermal.

• Solar Water Heaters (2006)-

  This is a fact sheet on solar thermal water heating from the Texas State Energy Conservation Office. It explains the different types of solar water heater systems and how they work.

  Passive systems require no moving parts as compared to active systems which do. This makes them simpler to maintain but less efficient. Active systems come in both direct and indirect; direct being the more efficient but often suffering from mineral deposits called scaling. At the bottom of the fact sheet is a list of resources with further and more detailed information.